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The American Civil War-era Field Artillery branches "made it up as they went" due to a lack of doctrine, resulting in poor performance on the battlefield and a higher reliance on infantry firepower. The Instruction for Field Artillery, published in 1861, outlined the role of Field Artillery as providing concentrated fires to break enemy lines and crush masses, but its doctrine was often impractical due to technological limitations and matériel constraints.
By Dr. John Grenier, the FA Branch Historian