Army Aviation Training Performance Practice Model

By COL Joseph A. McCarthy

Article published on: May 1, 2025 in the January-March 2025 Issue of the Aviation Digest

Read Time: < 16 mins

Paratroopers assigned to "Cavemen" Bravo Company, 2-82 Aviation Regiment, 82D Combat Aviation Brigade, 82D Airborne Division, prepare and take off for night flight on April 24, 2024. U.S. Army photo by SGT Vincent Levelev.

While the landscape of modern warfare continues to evolve, the role of Army Aviation in the combined arms fight remains steadfast. Aviation operations are integral to the ground forces’ ability to fight, survive, and win in combined arms maneuver. Army Aviation creates multiple dilemmas for the enemy and allows the ground force commander to rapidly consolidate gains. As technology advances and the operational environment grows more complex, Army Aviation units must adapt tactics to execute mission tasks successfully. This adaptation is critical to upholding our sacred trust with Soldiers on the ground.

Army Aviation must adapt to remain relevant on the battlefields of today and tomorrow. However, our core requirement is mastering the fundamentals of aviation operations, a craft that demands precision, skill, and expertise only gained through highly repetitive, focused training. Our obligation extends beyond maintaining currency or a basic understanding of the science of aviation. Achieving excellence in technical and tactical skills forms the foundation upon which all other training objectives rest, but we must go beyond that. Aviation commanders must dedicate training time and resources to ensure aircrews not only meet minimal proficiency requirements but truly become experts in the art of aviation. From piloting helicopters to operating unmanned aircraft systems, the purpose of Army Aviation is to employ the seven aviation core competencies for the ground force commander.1

A practical approach to mastering fundamentals is employing the principles of international sports coaching expert, Wayne Goldsmith’s Performance Practice Model. This model emphasizes a deliberate, structured, and repetitive approach from skill acquisition to mastery. By applying this framework, units can develop training programs that emphasize repeated, focused practice, enabling aviators to fine-tune their skills and consistently achieve high levels of proficiency. This approach ensures that Aviation Warfighters develop the technical and tactical competence necessary to meet diverse mission demands and build collective proficiency at echelon.

This article explores a comprehensive training approach to master the technical fundamentals of flying and prepare Aviation Soldiers for the demands of large-scale operations. Drawing inspiration from Wayne Goldsmith's Performance Practice Model (WG Coaching, n.d.), applying the Army Aviation Training Performance Practice Model (A2TP2) with doctrine will ensure Army Aviation remains a vital part of the combined arms team now and in the future.

The Performance Practice Model

Wayne Goldsmith's Performance Practice Model consists of 7 crucial steps that guide coaches and athletes in progressing from the introduction of a basic skill to mastering its application in high-pressure competitive environments.2

• Training begins with Step 1, where coaches teach athletes a fundamental skill, and athletes perform the task.

• Step 2 emphasizes the mastery and thorough understanding of the skill by performing the task well.

• Step 3 focuses on executing the skill at speed, recognizing that competition demands precision and swiftness.

• In Step 4, athletes must execute the skill exceptionally well at speed, even when fatigued—an essential aspect of enduring competitive performance.

• Step 5 introduces the concept of pressure, emphasizing that athletes must learn to execute skills proficiently under various forms of pressure, differentiating between participation and performance sports.

• Step 6 aims for consistency, ensuring that athletes can repeatedly demonstrate their skill with excellence, no matter the circumstances.

• Finally, Step 7 emphasizes the practical application of these skills using real-time problem-solving on the field during competitive situations.

Goldsmith's model emphasizes the importance of honing skills under conditions that replicate the demands of actual competition, mirroring the Army’s Training and Evaluation Outlines requirement for dynamic and complex threats at night to consider a unit fully trained. However, more tangibly, this model asserts that skills must be executed under speed, fatigue, pressure, and with consistency to develop truly effective athletes in their chosen sport. Performance Practice, as opposed to mere practice, is the key to achieving excellence in the athletic competition. These principles are equally applicable to aviation training.

Army Aviation A2TP2

The A2TP2 Model differs from traditional athletic training frameworks due to the heightened risks inherent in aviation operations. In Army Aviation, the stakes are significantly higher; mistakes can result in severe consequences, including being a detriment to the Ground Tactical Plan, loss of life, and costly equipment damage. This reality necessitates a more rigorous and comprehensive training approach that emphasizes not only skill acquisition but also performance under various high-stress conditions. While Goldsmith's model effectively addresses skill mastery in sports, Army Aviation training must incorporate additional layers of safety and operational effectiveness to ensure aircrews can manage the complexities and challenges of flight operations. Additionally, leaders must be engaged in planning, preparing, and training execution to validate successful progression throughout the model.

The A2TP2 Model addresses these unique challenges through an 8-step framework. Beginning with task performance to Aircrew Training Manual standards, it progresses through mastery, speed, and consistency. The model then introduces contingencies, pressure, and fatigue, culminating in performance under combat conditions. Each step builds upon the previous, ensuring aviators are not only skilled but adaptable to dynamic, high-pressure environments. This comprehensive approach enhances operational readiness and real-world mission effectiveness, equipping Army Aviators to navigate complex roles with confidence and precision.

• Step 1: Perform the Task to Standard–performs the task to the standard prescribed in the Aircrew Training Manual.

• Step 2: Master the Task–achieves a high level of proficiency and confidence in performing the task, demonstrating consistency, accuracy, and the ability to adapt to dynamic conditions while ensuring safety and mission effectiveness. It requires not only technical skills but also sound judgment and situational awareness.

• Step 3: Perform the Task at Speed–performs the task efficiently and confidently under time constraints, maintaining high accuracy and safety standards while adapting to the operational environment. This capability demonstrates the ability to react swiftly and effectively to dynamic situations, reflecting both skill and experience.

• Step 4: Perform the Task at Speed Consistently–performs the task reliably across multiple scenarios and over time, demonstrating the ability to achieve the prescribed standards consistently, regardless of varying conditions or contexts. This step emphasizes the importance of repetition and reinforcement to ensure that high performance is maintained throughout different situations.

• Step 5: Perform the Task With Contingencies Introduced–executes the task while effectively managing unexpected changes or challenges, such as equipment malfunctions or altered mission parameters. This step requires quick thinking and adaptability, allowing the aviator to maintain performance standards despite unforeseen circumstances.

• Step 6: Perform the Task Under Pressure–demonstrates the ability to execute the task effectively in high-stress situations, such as tight timelines or critical operational demands. This step tests the aviator's composure, decision-making, and ability to maintain focus while delivering accurate and timely performance.

• Step 7: Perform the Task While Fatigued–maintains the ability to perform the task proficiently despite physical or mental fatigue, showcasing resilience and the effectiveness of training that prepares aviators to operate safely and competently in less than ideal conditions. This step underscores the importance of endurance and mental fortitude in aviation operations.

• Step 8: Perform the Task Under Combat Conditions–executes the task in a real-world combat environment, integrating all previous skills while managing the complexities of combat scenarios, including threats and high-stakes decision-making. This final step tests the aviator's complete readiness and capability to operate effectively under the most challenging and unpredictable circumstances.

Application of the A2TP2 Model

The A2TP2 Model provides a structured approach to mastering complex tasks in high-risk operational environments. The following description details each step of the model as applied to executing a visual meteorological approach—a fundamental task across all mission design series in Army Aviation.

Step 1: Perform the Task to Standard

Objective: Initiate the landing process with fundamental knowledge.

Application: An Army Aviator learns the basic techniques of helicopter landings, including approaches, descent rates, and hover control. Training might involve simulator periods or controlled environment practice where the pilot performs standard landings under instructor supervision.

Step 2: Master the Task

Objective: Achieve proficiency in landing techniques.

Application: The Army Aviator practices landing maneuvers repeatedly, focusing on refining their skills. This may include executing various landing techniques (e.g., landing on a runway, helipad, or unimproved landing zone) until they can perform these maneuvers with minimal guidance. Additionally, to master a task, it must be executed in all conditions (degraded visual environments, confined areas, etc.). Mastery is demonstrated through consistent performance and anticipating the aircraft's response.

Step 3: Perform the Task at Speed

Objective: Increase the tempo of the landing process.

Application: The Army Aviator practices landing tasks with increased urgency, simulating a faster approach and a mission landing scenario. This step includes drills that incorporate time constraints, such as landing within specific time frames to enhance reaction times and decision-making under speed.

Step 4: Perform the Task at Speed Consistently

Objective: Ensure reliable performance under increased speed.

Application: The Army Aviator repeatedly executes landings at speed, focusing on maintaining control and precision. Consistency is key here; the pilot practices until they can reliably land the helicopter at speed without sacrificing accuracy or safety, performing multiple landings in rapid succession.

An Army flight medic is hoisted during a simulated medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) during a MEDEVAC training exercise at Fort Liberty, North Carolina. U.S. Army photo by SGT Steven Galimore.

Step 5: Perform the Task With Contingencies Introduced

Objective: Prepare for unanticipated situations.

Application: The Army Aviator faces simulated challenges during landing scenarios, such as sudden weather changes or unexpected obstacles on the landing site. This also includes emergency procedures for dealing with potential malfunctions, adverse conditions, and simulated engagements by enemy threats and weapon systems. This allows the aviator to learn to adapt their techniques in real time to react to contingencies.

Step 6: Perform the Task Under Pressure

Objective: Test performance in high-stress situations.

Application: Stress impacts the ability of an Army Aviator to perform skills with quality and accuracy. The pilot practices landing tasks in high-pressure environments, simulating real-world stressors like time constraints or operational urgency (e.g., in a large-scale combat operational scenario). This may involve landing during live-fire exercises or in the presence of simulated enemy threats, focusing on maintaining composure and clarity under pressure.

Step 7: Perform the Task While Fatigued

Objective: Build resilience and performance endurance.

Application: The Army Aviator trains while fatigued, simulating long missions or night operations. They practice landings after extended flight times and/ or during extended duty days as part of a field training exercise (FTX) to mimic the physical and mental strain that may occur in actual missions. This step helps ensure that performance remains steady despite fatigue.

Step 8: Perform the Task Under Combat Conditions

Objective: Prepare for the realities of combat operations.

Application: The Army Aviator participates in challenging and realistic simulated-combat scenarios that imitate all aspects of operational landing. This may include training exercises with ground troops under maximum gross weight conditions, landing in different operational environments (overwater, high altitude, degraded visual environments), under zero illumination, or navigating simulated threats. The focus is on integrating all learned skills into cohesive performance under combat-like conditions, ensuring readiness for real missions.

Each step in the A2TP2 Model progressively builds on the previous one, ensuring that aircrews not only master the fundamentals but also develop the adaptability and resilience required for successful operations in challenging environments. An aviator should not progress to the next step until an aviation trainer (i.e., pilot-in-command, unit trainer/evaluator, instructor pilot) validates each step. This structured approach leads to a high level of preparedness for real-world scenarios, enhancing individual and unit capabilities.

Applying the A2TP2 Model to Collective Training

Applying the A2TP2 Model gradually increases training complexity, building toward the chaotic conditions of the battlefield. Aviators must master their craft and understand their role in the broader tactical picture. This requires regular situational training exercises (STX), FTX, and combined and joint exercises at the combat training centers (CTC) to ensure seamless integration within the combined arms team. However, for Army Aviation to execute combined arms maneuver in large-scale combat, commanders must first validate aircrew proficiency in individual, team, and multi-aircraft tasks before progressing to more complex, higher-risk collective level. The A2TP2 Model provides a standard methodology for developing unit training plans and evaluation criteria, validating units as they progress through the Aviation Training Strategy.

In Army Aviation, we measure everything in 6-minute intervals or .1 hours. Whether for maintenance or flying hours, every .1 must be meticulously tracked each day. Training should be approached with the same precision, so every flight hour is maximized to develop lethal air crews and units. While the science of unit training management is essential for developing coherent training plans, it only defines the “what” and “how” of execution. The art of training ensures we truly meet training objectives to guarantee our Soldiers are prepared to do their jobs anywhere in the world under the toughest conditions, even on their worst day.

Doctrine alone cannot instill the creativity and rigor necessary for commanders to fulfill their responsibilities to train Soldiers for wartime missions. Commanders must develop unit training plans that focus on mastering fundamentals, create and resource tough and realistic training events, and build proficiency at echelons. Achieving proficiency requires deliberate repetitions and sets evaluated and certified by leaders before progressing to the next level.

The Figure outlines the time units should dedicate for each echelon of training, and the proposed steps of the A2TP2 applied at each echelon. As the model progresses from individual to collective training at echelon, complexity and risk increase, requiring commanders and their advisors to be engaged in validating units. Only then are individuals and units prepared to advance to the next level of training and mitigate risk.

Figure. The A2TP2 Model (McCarthy, 2024).

Unit training goals are structured to maximize 240 annual training days, accounting for block leave and training holidays. The A2TP2 model allocates time as follows:

• Seventy-five percent (%) (~180 days) for platoon-level and below training, emphasizing individual, aircrew, and multi-aircraft-level skills essential for building training readiness.

• Ten% (~24 days) for company/troop-level exercises, fostering teamwork and coordination (STX; battle drills; aviation support to brigade combat teams [BCTs]; environmental training; air-ground training).

• Ten% (~24 days) for battalion/squadron-level training, integrating more complex scenarios (Battalion FTXs; Aviation Battalion Support to BCTs; CTC Rotations; Collective Gunnery Tables; and Air-Ground Training).

• Five% (~12 days) brigade-level training, allowing for broader operational exercises (Brigade FTXs; division command post exercises [CPXs]/FTXs; CTC rotations; and Warfighter exercises).

Platoon-level training and below should occupy 75% of allotted training time due to its critical role in establishing the foundational skills necessary for effective company, battalion, and brigade operations. Despite this emphasis, it is noteworthy that training at these lower echelons is conducting fewer steps of the training model compared to higher levels. This discrepancy arises because the intensity and frequency of repetitions at the platoon level are essential for solidifying individual and collective proficiency. Mastery of basic tasks at the platoon level and below not only enhances training readiness but also ensures that companies and higher echelons can rapidly build upon a strong base, leading to more effective execution of more complex training. Thus, prioritizing comprehensive and rigorous training at the platoon level and below is vital for overall unit training readiness.

Battalions and brigades can optimize training by conducting staff planning CPXs and field craft training in parallel with company/troop and platoon exercises. This approach enhances resource allocation and maximizes training opportunities across all echelons, preparing units to employ Army Aviation core competencies in support of ground force commanders. Of note, additional battalion and brigade training days and events can be planned to support subordinate training without creating additional demands on subordinate units.

As a unit advances to higher echelons of training, the model is tailored to mitigate risk. At the individual and crew level, implementation of the A2TP2 Model begins with Step 1: Perform the Task to Standard. This ensures each aviator and crew member thoroughly understands the standards outlined in the Aircrew Training Manual, developing essential skills for safe and effective operations. Progressing through subsequent steps, aviators achieve mastery, perform tasks at speed, and consistently apply their skills. Crew-level training culminates at Step 5: Perform the Task With Contingencies Introduced, where aircrew learn to manage anticipated and unanticipated challenges. This prepares each crew member to adapt to dynamic conditions and maintain performance standards in unpredictable situations.

At the platoon and company/troop levels, the training model advances from Step 1 through Step 6: Perform the Task Under Pressure. This training emphasizes teamwork and coordination among crew members, focusing on effective task execution in high-stress scenarios. By introducing time constraints and operational demands, aviators learn to work cohesively, enhancing communication and decision-making skills under pressure. Building on individual foundational skills, this step fosters an environment where teams support one another while refining their collective capabilities, ensuring mission success in more challenging contexts.

At the battalion and brigade levels, the focus shifts from progressing through the entire A2TP2 Model to begin with Step 5: Contingencies, and culminating with Steps 7 and 8: Perform the Task While Fatigued and Perform the Task Under Combat Conditions. This comprehensive approach prepares units for the rigors of combat, incorporating tough, realistic training scenarios. By challenging aviators to operate effectively despite fatigue and in high-risk environments, leaders can assess unit readiness and adaptability. These final steps test individual and unit proficiency to perform under combat conditions.

Conclusion

The A2TP2 Model is a useful and necessary training model aviation commanders can apply to master the fundamentals as aviators and units progress deliberately from individual through collective training. These challenges are primarily due to the individual and team-level training requirements that exist throughout the year. It can also be difficult to effectively track aviators’ training levels and ensure they are progressively exposed to the necessary steps outlined in the model. A key consideration is understanding where each aviator and aviation unit stands in relation to their specific mission-essential task list. This awareness is crucial for assessing risk and advocating for additional training time when needed, ensuring that both individual capabilities and unit readiness align with mission requirements.

The A2TP2 model, originally designed for aviation units, is equally applicable to non-aviation Army units. This rigorous and comprehensive training approach emphasizes not only the acquisition of essential skills but also the ability to perform effectively under high-stress conditions. As Army units progress through increasingly complex training scenarios, the A2TP2 model provides a structured framework for building foundational tasks and applying them to collective capabilities. By focusing on performance across various stress levels, the model ensures that all Soldiers and units—regardless of their specific military occupational specialty—are prepared to execute tasks efficiently and cohesively in real-world, high-pressure environments.

Combining the A2TP2 Model with Army and Army Aviation training strategies offers a straightforward, robust frame-work for mastering flying fundamentals and tactical employment of combined arms maneuver in Large-Scale Combat Operations. As warfare and technology evolve, Army Aviation units must prioritize adaptability and effectiveness. Implementing this training model ensures that Army Aviation remains the cross-domain solution for the ground force commander. By mastering the art of aviation and seamlessly integrating with combined arms forces, Army Aviation units will be prepared to meet current and future battlefield challenges.

UH-60 Black Hawk training operations at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. U.S. Army photo by Scott T. Sturkol.

Notes